Imihlahlandlela yokuqapha kwezezimali

Imihlahlandlela yokuqapha kwezezimali yimithetho ekhishwa ngumlawuli wezezimali ukuze abakhweletisi abanelayisensi bahlale bekwazi ukukhokha izikweletu zabo — ibeka amazinga aphansi enhloko-mali nawemali etholakala ngokushesha, indlela izimalimboleko ezihlukaniswa ngayo, imali okumele ibekelwe eceleni ngokumelene nazo, imali engabolekiswa umuntu oyedwa, kanye nalokho okumele kubikwe nokuthi kangaki.

Igama elithi "ukuqapha" likhombisa injongo yale mithetho. Ayiphathelene nendlela ophatha ngayo umbolekimali noma lokho omkhokhisa kona. Iphathelene nokuthi ingabe isikhungo sakho singakwazi yini ukumelana nokulahlekelwa kodwa sisakwazi ukufeza izibopho zaso. Umlawuli obhala imithetho yokuqapha ubuza umbuzo owodwa: uma ingxenye yezimalimboleko zalo mbolekisi ingasebenzi kahle, ingabe isikhungo siyasinda, futhi ingabe wonke umuntu ofake imali yakhe uyakhokhelwa?

Yini evamise ukufakwa emihlahlandleleni yokuqapha

Izidingo eziqondile ziyahluka ngezwe, ngohlobo lwelayisensi, nangobuningi bemali yomphakathi oyibambile. Kodwa izigaba ziyafana cishe yonke indawo:

Ukwanela kwenhloko-mali. Inani eliphansi lenhloko-mali yombolekisi uqobo, elibanjwe ngokumelene nengozi esebhalansi shidini yakhe, elivame ukuvezwa njengesilinganiso senhloko-mali kumafa alinganiswe ngengozi. Iningi lezinhlelo libeka nenani eliphansi eliqondile lenhloko-mali ukuze uthole ilayisensi futhi uyigcine.

Imali etholakala ngokushesha. Ingxenye ephansi yamafa ebanjwe njengemali ekhona noma esondele ekubeni yimali ekhona, ukuze izibopho zokukhipha noma zokukhokha zifezeke ngaphandle kokuthengisa izimalimboleko nganoma yiliphi inani.

Ukuhlukaniswa kwezimalimboleko. Yonke imalimboleko kumele ifakwe ezingeni ngokuya ngokuthi isale emuva kangakanani. Uhlobo olujwayelekile ngamazinga amahlanu — ehambayo, ebhekiwe, engaphansi kwezinga, engabazekayo, nelahleko — izinga ngalinye lichazwa ngezinsuku zokusalela emuva. Amanani ezinsuku abekwa ngumlawuli, awakhethwa nguwe.

Ukubekelwa eceleni kwemali. Iphesenti eliphansi okumele libekelwe eceleni ezingeni ngalinye lokuhlukaniswa, elenyuka kakhulu njengoba imalimboleko iguga. Yilona mthetho onquma ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye yenzuzo oyibikile eyiqiniso.

Imikhawulo yokubolekisa. Umkhawulo wemali engabolekiswa umbolekimali oyedwa noma iqembu labambolekimali abahlobene, ngokuvamile njengengxenye yenhloko-mali. Ukuqoqana kwezimalimboleko ezinkulu kubantu abambalwa yikho okubulala abakhweletisi abancane, futhi yilona mthetho obhekana nakho ngqo.

Ukubolekisa kwabangaphakathi. Imikhawulo, futhi ngokuvamile nesidingo semvume ecacile, ezimalimbolekweni ezinikwa abaqondisi, abanikazi bamasheya, abasebenzi nezihlobo zabo. Ngokuvamile yiwona mthetho wokuqala ophulwa ngumbolekisi omncane engaboni.

Ukubusa nokufaneleka. Ukwakheka kwebhodi, inani eliphansi lemihlangano, ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi, nokuhlolwa kwabaqondisi nabaphathi abaphezulu.

Ukubika. Imibiko eyenziwa njalo kumlawuli, ngefomu elimisiwe nangesikhathi esimisiwe. Ngokuvamile umbiko wokuhlukaniswa kwezimalimboleko, isimo senhloko-mali, kanye nesimo semali etholakala ngokushesha.

Imithetho yokuqapha ngokumelene nemithetho yokuziphatha

Lezi yizigaba ezimbili ezehlukene zomthetho, futhi abakhweletisi bavame ukuzihlanganisa zibe ukukhathazeka okukodwa.

Imithetho yokuqapha ilawula ukuphepha nokuqina kwesikhungo — inhloko-mali, imali etholakala ngokushesha, ukubekelwa eceleni, nobukhulu bokubolekisa. Imithetho yokuziphatha ilawula indlela umbolekimali aphathwa ngayo — ukuvezwa kwezindleko zangempela zesikweletu, imikhawulo yenzalo, izindlela ezinobulungiswa zokuqoqa imali, ukusingathwa kwezikhalazo, nokuvikelwa kwedatha.

Ungayigcina ngokugcwele imithetho yokuziphatha kodwa uvalwe ngenxa yezizathu zokuqapha, kanye nangendlela ephambene. Zombili lezi zigaba ziyasebenza, futhi ezimakethe eziningi zivela kumlawuli oyedwa ngaphansi kwezingxenye ezehlukene zomthetho ofanayo.

Isebenza kubani

Ukujula kokuqashwa kokuqapha kuvame ukuya ngokuthi ingabe uyibambile yini imali yabanye abantu.

Izikhungo ezamukela imali egciniwe — amabhange ezimalimboleko ezincane, ama-SACCO amukela imali egciniwe, namabhange ezohwebo — angaphansi kohlelo oluphelele kakhulu, ngoba ukuwa kwawo kubiza abagcini-mali ngokuqondile. Abakhweletisi abakhweletisa kuphela, abaxhaswa yinhloko-mali yabanikazi bamasheya noma yizimalimboleko ezinkulu, bavame ukubhekana nomthwalo olula: ilayisensi, inhloko-mali ephansi, ukubika, imithetho yokuziphatha, futhi ngokuvamile namazinga okuhlukanisa nokubekela eceleni, kodwa hhayi lonke uhlelo lwenhloko-mali nolwemali etholakala ngokushesha.

Kulesi sifunda lokhu kuveza abaqashi abehlukene. EZambia, i-Bank of Zambia ikhipha amalayisensi futhi iqaphe abahlinzeki bezinsizakalo zezimali, kufaka phakathi izikhungo zezimalimboleko ezincane (MFI). EKenya, i-Central Bank of Kenya iqaphe amabhange ezimalimboleko ezincane nabahlinzeki bezikweletu zedijithali, kanti ama-SACCO amukela imali egciniwe angaphansi kwe-SASRA. Izigaba ziyafana yonke indawo; imikhawulo namafomu okubika awafani. Sebenzisa njalo umbhalo wamanje womlawuli wakho esikhundleni sesifinyezo esijwayelekile — izibalo ziyabuyekezwa, futhi kuvame ukuba yilapho kubuyekezwa khona lapho abakhweletisi behluleka ukugcina imithetho.

Lapho abakhweletisi bebanjwa khona

Cishe akulokothi kube emqondweni wesisekelo. Kuvame ukuba ezibalweni.

Amaphutha aphindaphindekayo ngawokusebenza, hhayi awamasu:

• Ukuhlukanisa okwenziwa ngesandla ekupheleni kwenyanga. Othile uvula isipredishithi, abheke ngokushesha ikholomu yezikweletu ezisalele emuva, abese ehlukanisa amazinga. Izimalimboleko ezimbili ezisesimweni esifanayo zithola amazinga ahlukene ngoba zenziwe abantu ababili abehlukene.
• Ukusalela emuva okubalwa kusukela osukwini olungalungile. Izinsuku zokusalela zibalwa kusukela ekuxhumaneni kokugcina noma enkokhelweni yokugcina eyingxenye, esikhundleni sosuku lokukhokha olusesivumelwaneni. Lokhu kwehlisa ubudala benyani bayo yonke imalimboleko esalele emuva futhi kushiye zonke izimalimboleko zibekelwe imali enganele.
• Izimalimboleko ezihlelwe kabusha ezibuyiselwa buthule ezingeni elithi "ehambayo". Imalimboleko ehlelwe kabusha ngokuvamile kumele ihlale ezingeni layo, noma esigabeni esichaziwe sokubhekwa, isikhathi esithile ngaphambi kokuba ikhushulwe. Ukuyibuyisela ezingeni elithi "ehambayo" ngosuku okusayinwa ngalo uhlelo olusha yiyona ndlela evame kakhulu yokwenza izimalimboleko zibonakale zinempilo ukudlula esiyiyo.
• Izinkokhelo eziyingxenye ezifihla ubudala besikweletu. Umbolekimali ukhokha imali encane bese imalimboleko ibonakala isebenza. Ukuthi isasalele emuva noma cha kuya ngendlela leyo nkokhelo eyabiwe ngayo — yingakho ukulandelana kokwabiwa kwezinkokhelo kubalulekile odabeni lokugcina imithetho, hhayi kwezokubalwa kwezimali kuphela.
• Imibiko efika emva kwesikhathi ngoba idatha kumele iqoqwe kuqala. Uma umbiko wokuhlukanisa uthatha izinsuku ezine ukwakhiwa, uzothunyelwa emva kwesikhathi ezinyangeni lapho okunye kuye kwaphambana khona.

Ngayinye yalezi yinkinga yokuqeqeshwa kwedatha. Umbolekisi onezikweletu ezisalele emuva ezigugela ngokuzenzakalela kusukela osukwini lokukhokha olusesivumelwaneni, onezinkokhelo ezabiwa ngomthetho ongaguquki, futhi onokuhlukaniswa okuvela kulezo zibalo esikhundleni sokubhalwa ngesandla, akanankinga yokugcina imithetho yokuqapha okumele ayixazulule ekupheleni kwenyanga. Unombiko okumele awuthumele nje.

Kusho ukuthini lokhu ohlelweni lwakho

Ukugcina imithetho yokuqapha kuncike kumarekhodi akho ezimalimboleko. Lokho okuthumelayo kulunge kuphela njengoba izibalo zobudala besikweletu ezingaphansi kwakho zilungile, futhi lezo zibalo zilunge kuphela njengoba umthetho wezinsuku nowokwaba osetshenziswe kuyo yonke inkokhelo yonyaka odlule ulungile.

Yileyo ngxenye okufanele uyilungise ngaphambi kokuba kube khona oyicelayo. Ifomu lomlawuli lingagcwaliswa ngedatha eyiqiniso ngentambama eyodwa. Alikwazi ukugcwaliswa kusuka esipredishithini lapho amagatsha amathathu abhale izinsuku ngezindlela ezehlukene.