Izikhokelo zolumko lwezimali

Izikhokelo zolumko lwezimali yimigaqo ekhutshwa ngumlawuli wezimali ukuze ababoleki-mali abanelayisenisi bahlale benako ukuhlawula amatyala abo — imisela imilinganiselo esezantsi yentloko-mali nemali ekhawulezayo, indlela iimboleko ezihlelwa ngayo, ubungakanani bemali ekufuneka ibekelwe bucala ngokuchasene nazo, ubungakanani bemali enokubolekiswa umntu omnye, kunye noko kufuneka kunikwe ingxelo ngako nokuba kangaphi.

Igama elithi "ulumko" libonisa injongo yale migaqo. Ayimalunga nendlela omphatha ngayo umboleki okanye into omhlawulisa yona. Imalunga nokuba ingaba iziko lakho linako na ukumelana neelahleko lize likwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfanelo zalo. Umlawuli obhala imigaqo yolumko ubuza umbuzo omnye kuphela: ukuba inxalenye yeencwadi zeemboleko zalo mbolekisi ithe yonakala, ingaba iziko liyasinda, ingaba wonke umntu obeke imali yakhe apho uyahlawulwa?

Zibandakanya ntoni izikhokelo zolumko

Iimfuno ezichanekileyo ziyahluka ngokwelizwe, ngokwehlobo lelayisenisi, nangokobungakanani bemali yoluntu oyibambileyo. Kodwa iindidi ziyafana phantse yonke indawo:

Ukwanela kwentloko-mali. Imali esezantsi yentloko-mali yombolekisi ngokwakhe, ebanjwe ngokuchasene nomngcipheko okwibhalansi yakhe, edla ngokuchazwa njengomlinganiselo wentloko-mali kwiiasethi ezilinganiselwe ngokomngcipheko. Uninzi lweenkqubo lumisela nemali esezantsi engenakuwelwa ukuze ufumane ulayisenisi kwaye ulugcine.

Imali ekhawulezayo. Inxalenye esezantsi yeeasethi ebanjwe njengemali ekhona okanye ephantse yaba yimali ekhona, ukuze imfanelo yokuhlawula okanye yokurhoxisa ihlangatyezwane nayo ngaphandle kokuthengisa iincwadi zeemboleko ngalo naliphi na ixabiso.

Ukuhlelwa kweemboleko. Yonke imboleko kufuneka ibekwe kwibakala ngokweenyanga esisemva ngazo. Indlela eqhelekileyo ngamabakala amahlanu — ehambayo, ejongiweyo, engaphantsi komgangatho, ethandabuzekayo, nelahleko — libakala ngalinye lichazwa ngeentsuku zokusilela. Amanani eentsuku amiselwa ngumlawuli, awakhethwa nguwe.

Ukubekelwa bucala kwemali. Ipesenti esezantsi ekufuneka ibekelwe bucala kwibakala ngalinye lokuhlelwa, enyuka kakhulu njengoko imboleko iguga. Nguwo lo mgaqo ogqiba ukuba yeyiphi inxalenye yenzuzo oyixelileyo eyeyokwenene.

Imida yokubolekisa. Umda wemali enokubolekiswa umboleki omnye okanye iqela lababoleki abanxulumeneyo, ngokuqhelekileyo njengenxalenye yentloko-mali. Ukuqokelelana kweemboleko ezinkulu kubantu abambalwa kuko okubulala ababoleki-mali abancinci, kwaye nguwo lo mgaqo ojongana noko ngqo.

Ukubolekisa kwabangaphakathi. Imida, kwaye rhoqo nemfuno yemvume ecacileyo, kwiimboleko ezinikwa abalawuli, abanini-zabelo, abasebenzi nezizalwana zabo. Rhoqo ngumgaqo wokuqala owaphulwa ngumbolekisi omncinci engaqondi.

Ulawulo nokufaneleka. Ubume bebhodi, inani elisezantsi leentlanganiso, ukwahlulwa kwemisebenzi, nokuhlolwa kwabalawuli nabaphathi abaphezulu.

Iingxelo. Iingxelo ezinikwa umlawuli ngamaxesha amisiweyo, kwifomu emisiweyo nangexesha elimisiweyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo yingxelo yokuhlelwa kweemboleko, imeko yentloko-mali, kunye nemeko yemali ekhawulezayo.

Imigaqo yolumko nemigaqo yokuziphatha

La ngamacandelo amabini ohlukeneyo omthetho, kwaye ababoleki-mali badla ngokuwadibanisa abe yinkxalabo enye.

Imigaqo yolumko ilawula ukhuseleko nokomelela kweziko — intloko-mali, imali ekhawulezayo, ukubekelwa bucala, nobungakanani bokubolekisa. Imigaqo yokuziphatha ilawula indlela umboleki aphathwa ngayo — ukuchazwa kwexabiso lokwenene lemboleko, umda wenzala, iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuqokelela imali, ukusingathwa kwezikhalazo, nokhuseleko lweenkcukacha.

Unokuthobela ngokupheleleyo imigaqo yokuziphatha kodwa ube usavalwa ngenxa yezizathu zolumko, kwanangendlela echasene noko. Omabini la macandelo ayasebenza, kwaye kwiimarike ezininzi asuka kumlawuli omnye phantsi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo omthetho omnye.

Zisebenza kubani

Ubunzulu bogwebo lolumko buxhomekeka kokukuba ingaba uyibambile na imali yabanye abantu.

Amaziko amkela imali egcinwayo — iibhanki zeemboleko ezincinci, iiSACCO ezamkela imali egcinwayo, neebhanki zorhwebo — angaphantsi kwenkqubo epheleleyo, kuba ukuwa kwawo kubiza abagcini-mali ngokuthe ngqo. Ababoleki-mali ababolekisa kuphela, abaxhaswa yintloko-mali yabanini-zabelo okanye ziimboleko ezinkulu, badla ngokujongana nomthwalo olula: ilayisenisi, intloko-mali esezantsi, iingxelo, imigaqo yokuziphatha, kwaye rhoqo nemilinganiselo yokuhlela nokubekela bucala, kodwa hayi yonke inkqubo yentloko-mali neyemali ekhawulezayo.

Kulo mmandla oku kubonakala ngabalawuli abahlukeneyo. EZambia, i-Bank of Zambia inika iilayisenisi kwaye igwebe ababoneleli beenkonzo zezimali, kubandakanya namaziko eemboleko ezincinci (MFI). EKenya, i-Central Bank of Kenya igwebe iibhanki zeemboleko ezincinci nababoneleli beemboleko zedijithali, ngelixa iiSACCO ezamkela imali egcinwayo ziphantsi kwe-SASRA. Iindidi ziyafana yonke indawo; imida namafomu eengxelo awafani. Sebenzisa rhoqo umbhalo wangoku womlawuli wakho endaweni yesishwankathelo ngokubanzi — amanani ayaguqulwa, kwaye kudla ngokuba kukuguqulwa apho ababoleki-mali baphuma khona emgaqweni.

Apho ababoleki-mali babanjwa khona

Phantse akunjalo kwingcinga yesiseko. Kudla ngokuba kwizibalo.

Iimpazamo eziphindaphindekayo zezokusebenza, hayi ezobuchule:

• Ukuhlela ngesandla ekupheleni kwenyanga. Umntu uvula isipredishithi, ajonge ngokukhawuleza umhlathi wamatyala asemva, aze abele amabakala. Iimboleko ezimbini ezikwimeko efanayo zifumana amabakala ohlukeneyo kuba zenziwe ngabantu ababini abohlukeneyo.
• Ukusilela okubalwa ukusuka kumhla ongachanekanga. Iintsuku zokusilela zibalwa ukusuka kunxibelelwano lokugqibela okanye kwintlawulo yokugqibela eyinxenye, endaweni yomhla wokuhlawula osesivumelwaneni. Oku kunciphisa ubudala benyani bayo yonke imboleko esemva kwaye kushiye zonke iimboleko zibekelwe bucala imali enganelanga.
• Iimboleko ezicwangciswe kwakhona ezibuyiselwa ngokuthe cwaka kwibakala "ehambayo". Imboleko ecwangciswe kwakhona ngokuqhelekileyo kufuneka ihlale kwibakala layo, okanye kudidi oluchaziweyo lokujongwa, ithuba elithile ngaphambi kokuba inyuselwe. Ukuyibuyisela kwibakala "ehambayo" ngomhla kutyikitywa ngawo ucwangciso olutsha yeyona ndlela iqhelekileyo yokwenza iincwadi zeemboleko zibonakale zisempilweni ngaphezu kokuba zinjalo.
• Iintlawulo eziyinxenye ezifihla ubudala betyala. Umboleki uhlawula imali encinci ize imboleko ibonakale ihamba. Ukuba isasemva kusini na kuxhomekeka kwindlela leyo ntlawulo yabelwe ngayo — kungoko ulandelelwano lokwabiwa kweentlawulo lubalulekile kumba wokuthobela imithetho, hayi kwiakhawuntingi kuphela.
• Iingxelo ezifika emva kwexesha kuba iinkcukacha kufuneka ziqokelelwe kuqala. Ukuba ingxelo yokuhlela ithatha iintsuku ezine ukwakhiwa, iya kungeniswa emva kwexesha kwiinyanga apho enye into ithe yaphosakala.

Nganye kwezi yingxaki yengqeqesho yeenkcukacha. Umbolekisi onamatyala asemva aguga ngokuzenzekelayo ukusuka kumhla wokuhlawula osesivumelwaneni, oneentlawulo ezabiwa ngomgaqo ongatshintshiyo, nonokuhlelwa okuphuma kwezo zibalo endaweni yokubhalwa ngesandla, akanangxaki yokuthobela imigaqo yolumko emele acombululwe ekupheleni kwenyanga. Unengxelo emele ayithumele nje.

Oku kuthetha ntoni kwinkqubo yakho

Ukuthobela imigaqo yolumko kuxhomekeka kwiirekhodi zakho zeemboleko. Oko ukungenisayo kulunge kuphela ngangoko izibalo zobudala betyala ezingaphantsi kwako zilungile, kwaye ezo zibalo zilunge kuphela ngangoko iimigaqo yomhla neyokwabiwa esetyenziswe kuyo yonke intlawulo yonyaka ophelileyo ilungile.

Yiloo nxalenye ekufaneleka uyilungise ngaphambi kokuba kubekho umntu oyicelayo. Ifomu yomlawuli inokuzaliswa ngeenkcukacha ezichanekileyo kwiiyure ezimbalwa. Ayinakuzaliswa kwisipredishithi apho amasebe amathathu abhale imihla ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo.