Ezezimali Ezincinci

Ezezimali ezincinci kukunikezelwa kweemali-mboleko ezincinci, ugcino-mali, kunye neenkonzo zezimali ezinxulumene nazo kumakhaya angenamvuzo mkhulu nakumashishini amancinci iibhanki ezisemthethweni ezingafuni ukuwanceda. Zitshintsha uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lwebhanki — isibambiso, amaphepha omvuzo, imbali yetyala — ngeendlela ezisebenzayo apho ezo zinto zingekhoyo: imali encinci, amaxesha amafutshane, iintlawulo eziqhelekileyo, kunye nokuthembana okwakhiwa ngobulungu beqela okanye ngokuboleka ngokuphindaphindiweyo.

Eli gama libandakanya umsebenzi kwakunye neshishini lonke. Njengomsebenzi, kukubolekisa nje ngeemali ezincinci kubantu inkqubo yeebhanki ebashiye ngaphandle ngenxa yeendleko. Njengeshishini, luthungelwano lwamaziko ezimali ezincinci (ii-MFI), imibutho yokonga nokubolekisa (SACCO), iibhanki zezimali ezincinci, imibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente, kunye nababolekisi abazimeleyo abenza olo bolekiso — rhoqo lolona tyala lusemthethweni lukhoyo kwiimarike abazisebenzelayo.

Kutheni ezezimali ezincinci zikho

Inkqubo yokubolekisa yebhanki yakhelwe phezu kweendleko ezingatshintshiyo kwimali-mboleko nganye. Ukuvavanya umboleki, ukubhala isivumelwano, ukukhupha imali nokulandelela intlawulo kubiza malunga nokufanayo nokuba imali-mboleko yi-500 okanye yi-500 000. Kwimali-mboleko enkulu, ezo ndleko ziyanyamalala kwingeniso. Kwencinci, ziyayiginya. Umphumela kukuba iibhanki eziqhelekileyo ziyayeka ukubolekisa ngaphantsi kobungakanani obuthile — kungekhona ngenxa yocalucalulo, kodwa ngenxa yezibalo.

Yongeza koko imfuneko yesibambiso. Uninzi lwababoleki abangenamvuzo mkhulu alunaso isatifikethi somhlaba, alunayo imoto ebhalisiweyo, kwaye alunayo imbali yengqesho esemthethweni. Basenokuqhuba ishishini lorhwebo elinenzuzo, kodwa akukho nto ibhaliweyo ngendlela ekhomiti yamatyala yebhanki eyaziyo.

Ezezimali ezincinci ziqokelelo lweendlela ezaqulunqwa ukuze kubolekiswe kweso sikhewu ngenzuzo. Eyona mvelaphi yaziwayo yeyaseGrameen Bank kaMuhammad Yunus eBangladesh ngeminyaka yee-1970, eyabonisa ukuba ababoleki abahluphekileyo kakhulu — ingakumbi abasetyhini — babuyisa imali ngokuthembekileyo xa indlela yokubolekisa ihambelana neemeko zabo. Le nkqubo yasasazeka kuMzantsi weAsia, kuMzantsi Melika nakuAfrika, kwaye ukususela ngoko yahluka yaba ziindidi ezininzi zasekuhlaleni.

Yintoni eyenza imali-mboleko encinci yahluke

Iimpawu ezintandathu zahlula ezezimali ezincinci kubolekiso oluqhelekileyo. Uninzi lwababolekisi lusebenzisa umxube wezinye zazo endaweni yazo zontandathu.

Imali esisiseko encinci. Iimali-mboleko zilinganiselwa kwimfuno yemali yokuqhuba ishishini — ukugcwalisa ivenkile, ukuthenga imbewu, ukutshintsha isixhobo — kungekhona kwintengo enkulu yobomi bonke.

Amaxesha amafutshane. Iiveki ukuya kunyaka omnye ziqhelekile. Amaxesha amafutshane anciphisa umngcipheko kwaye avumela umbolekisi ukuba avavanye umboleki rhoqo.

Iintlawulo eziqhelekileyo. Iintlawulo zeveki nganye, zeeveki ezimbini okanye zenyanga ezaqala kungekudala emva kokukhutshwa kwemali. Oku kuhambelana nomjikelo wemali wemihla ngemihla okanye weveki werhwebi okanye womfama omncinci ngcono kunentlawulo enye enkulu ekugqibeleni, kwaye kunika umbolekisi umqondiso wangaphambili xa umboleki eqala ukutyibilika.

Ezinye iindlela zesibambiso. Endaweni yomhlaba okanye izakhiwo, ezezimali ezincinci zixhomekeke kwisiqinisekiso seqela, kwiimpahla zasekhaya, kwimali egciniweyo ekwiziko, kwizivumelwano zokutsalwa emvuzweni ngomqeshi, okanye kwimbali yentlawulo yomboleki ngokwakhe.

Ubolekiso olukhulayo. Umboleki uqala ngento encinci, ahlawule, aze afanelekele imali enkulu ngakumbi. Ithemba lemali-mboleko enkulu elandelayo lilo ngokwalo isikhuthazo sokuhlawula, kwaye livumela umbolekisi ukuba akhe imbali yetyala apho ibingekho.

Ubudlelwane obusondeleyo. Amagosa eemali-mboleko atyelela amashishini, ayayazi imarike, kwaye aya kwiintlanganiso zamaqela. Uvavanyo lusekelwe ekubukeleni njengoko lusekelwe kumaxwebhu.

Umjikelo wobolekiso usebenza njani

Umjikelo oqhelekileyo udlula kumanqanaba afanayo nokuba umbolekisi yi-MFI, yi-SACCO okanye lishishini elincinci elizimeleyo lokubolekisa:

1. Ukwakhiwa kweqela okanye ukwamkelwa komthengi. Kubolekiso lweqela, ababoleki bazikhethela ukwakha iqela baze baqeqeshwe ngemithetho. Kubolekiso lomntu ngamnye, igosa lithatha isicelo kunye nesazisi.
2. Uvavanyo. Igosa lityelela ishishini okanye ikhaya, liqikelele ukuhamba kwemali, lize libale ukuba ikhaya lingakwazi ukuhlawula malini ngokwenene — ngokuqhelekileyo ngokubukela nangokuncokola kunokusebenzisa iingxelo zezimali.
3. Ukuvunywa. Ifayile idlula kuluhlu olucacileyo — igosa lemali-mboleko, umphathi wesebe, kuye phezulu ngokoxanduva lwemali. Olu luhlu lukhona ukuze kungabikho mntu mnye onokuqalisa aze aphinde avume imali-mboleko efanayo.
4. Ukukhutshwa kwemali. Imali ikhutshwa nge-mobile money, ngokudluliselwa ebhankini, okanye ngemali ephathekayo. I-mobile money iya isiba yeyona ndlela isetyenziswayo kuMpuma nakuMzantsi weAfrika, kuba isusa ngokupheleleyo umngcipheko wokuphatha imali ephathekayo.
5. Ukuqokelelwa kweentlawulo. Iintlawulo zingena ngokweshedyuli evunyelweneyo. Intlawulo nganye isetyenziswa ngokulandelelana okungatshintshiyo, ukuze izohlwayo nenzala kuhlawulwe phambi kwemali esisiseko.
6. Ukulandelela nokubuyisa. Iintlawulo ezingahlawulwanga zibangela izikhumbuzo, zilandelwe kukutyelela kwegosa, kulandele uxinzelelo lweqela okanye ukuqhagamshelana nomqinisekisi, kulandele ukubuyiswa ngokusesikweni. Isantya sibaluleke apha ngaphezu kwakuyo nayiphi na enye indidi yobolekiso, kuba ityala elincinci elisele ngasemva kwimali-mboleko emfutshane likhula ngokukhawuleza libe likhulu.
7. Ukuphinda okanye ukuphuma. Umboleki ohlawula ngokucocekileyo unikwa imali-mboleko enkulu. Ongahlawuliyo uyavalwa aze, kwiziko eliphathwe kakuhle, abhalwe phantsi ukuze angaphinde abolekwe ngegama elahlukileyo.

Ubolekiso lweqela noxanduva olwabelwanayo

Eyona ndlela ibalulekileyo kwezezimali ezincinci lubolekiso lweqela. Ababoleki bakha iqela elidla ngokuba namalungu asuka kwisihlanu ukuya kumashumi amabini anesihlanu. Ngamnye uthatha imali-mboleko yakhe, kodwa iqela lithwala uxanduva olwabelwanayo: ukuba ilungu alihlawuli, amanye anoxanduva lokuvala isikhewu, kwaye akukho namnye kubo ofanelekela enye imali-mboleko de iakhawunti yeqela icoceke.

Oku kwenza izinto ezintathu ngaxeshanye. Kudlulisela ukuhluza kwiqela — amalungu awayi kwamkela umntu abakholelwa ukuba akayi kuhlawula. Kudlulisela ukubeka esweni kwiqela — abamelwane bayazi ukuba ishishini liyawa kudala ngaphambi kwegosa lemali-mboleko. Kwaye kudala inkqubo yokunyanzelisa ngeendleko zoluntu endaweni yenkqubo yasemthethweni, into ebalulekileyo apho ukubuyisa imali ngenkundla kucotha kwaye kubiza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nobungakanani bemali-mboleko.

Inayo nemida ekufuneka ichaziwe. Uxanduva olwabelwanayo lunokutyhala ilungu elisokolayo ukuba liboleke kwenye indawo ukuze iqela lihlale licocekile, into efihla ingxaki endaweni yokuyisombulula. Amaqela anokwahlukana. Kwaye njengoko ababoleki bekhula, badlula ubungakanani beqela baze bafune iimali-mboleko zomntu ngamnye — yiyo loo nto uninzi lwee-MFI ezikhulayo lusebenzisa zombini iindlela kunye. Kumbolekisi, oko kuthetha ukuba inkqubo kufuneka ilandelele iimali-mboleko zamaqela nezomntu ngamnye kwiphothifoliyo enye, ngaphandle kokuphatha enye njengomba okhethekileyo ongezelelwe kwenye.

Ngubani onikezela ngezezimali ezincinci

Olu didi lubanzi ngaphezu kwendlela igama elivakala ngayo, kwaye iimfuno zokusebenza ziyahluka ngokohlobo.

• Amaziko ezimali ezincinci (ii-MFI). Ababolekisi abagxile kumatyala, ngamanye amaxesha abamkela imali egciniweyo, ngokuqhelekileyo baneelayisensi kwaye bayagadwa. Bangumongo weli shishini.
• Ii-SACCO nemibutho yamatyala. Ziphethwe ngamalungu. Amalungu ayagcina imali, kwaye iimali-mboleko ngokuqhelekileyo zinikwa njengesiphindo sezabelo okanye imali egciniweyo yelungu, loo mali igciniweyo ibe sisibambiso. Jonga SACCO.
• Iibhanki zezimali ezincinci. Iibhanki ezineelayisensi ezisebenza kwicala lezimali ezincinci, zamkela imali egciniweyo kwaye zinemigaqo enzima ngakumbi yemali esisiseko neyokunika iingxelo.
• Iinkqubo zemibutho engekho phantsi korhulumente nezixhaswa ngabanikeli. Zidla ngokuxhaswa ngemali, kwaye zidla ngokudibanisa ityala noqeqesho okanye izixhobo zolimo.
• Ababolekisi abazimeleyo namashishini amancinci obolekiso. Eli lelona qela likhulu ngenani kwiimarike ezininzi zaseAfrika. Aqhutywa ngumnini, anabasebenzi abambalwa, abolekisa ngemali yawo.
• Ababolekisi bedijithali nabakwiselula. Basebenzisa ii-algorithm, bakhupha imali kwangoko, ngeemali ezincinci kakhulu namaxesha amafutshane kakhulu — indlela umntu ahlawula ngayo kuthungelwano lweselula ithatha indawo yembali yetyala.
• Amaqela okonga angekho sesikweni. I-chilimba eZambia, i-chama eKenya, i-susu eNtshona Afrika — yimibutho yokonga nokubolekisa ejikelezayo. Asingomaziko ezimali ezincinci, kodwa enza umsebenzi ofanayo, kwaye rhoqo kulapho ababoleki bombolekisi bafunda khona okokuqala ukonga nokuhlawula ngokweshedyuli.

Ezoqoqosho: kutheni inzala yezezimali ezincinci ibonakala iphezulu

Amazinga enzala kwezezimali ezincinci ahlala ephezulu kunawezibhanki zorhwebo, kwaye kulapha le nkqubo iqondwa gwenxa khona kakhulu — nokuba kungababoleki okanye ngabaqulunqi bemigaqo-nkqubo.

Iindleko zokuqhuba imali-mboleko azitshintshi kakhulu. Utyelelo lwegosa, amaphepha, ukukhutshwa kwemali kunye nokulandelela kubiza malunga nokufanayo kwimali-mboleko encinci nakwenkulu. Sasaza ezo ndleko zingatshintshiyo phezu kwemali esisiseko encinci nexesha elifutshane, lize izinga elifunekayo ukuze kungabikho lahleko libe phezulu ngokweepesenti nokuba imali yenzala ngokwenene incinci. Yongeza ilahleko elindelekileyo enkulu, kwaye kwiimarike ezininzi iindleko eziphezulu zokufumana imali, ize into ebalwayo ingabi nakuphepheka.

Zimbini izilinganiso ezikuvumela ukuba ugwebe ukuba izinga ligubungela iindleko ngokwenene okanye likhupha nje imali:

• Ukuzimela ekusebenzeni (OSS) — ingeniso yokusebenza yahlulwe ngeendleko zokusebenza kudityaniswe nemali ebekelwe ilahleko yeemali-mboleko kunye neendleko zoxhaso-mali. Ngaphantsi kwe-100%, iziko lisebenza ngenkxaso-mali okanye ngemali yalo esisiseko.
• Iindleko ngomboleki ngamnye — zonke iindleko zokusebenza zahlulwe ngenani lababoleki abasebenzayo. Lelo linani elikuxelela ukuba ukusebenza kakuhle kuyaphucuka njengoko ukhula, okanye wongeza nje abasebenzi ngesantya esifanayo nesokongeza abathengi.

Imida yamazinga enzala yinto ephindaphindwayo kwimigaqo-nkqubo. Injongo kukukhusela umboleki; umphumela oqhelekileyo kukuba ababolekisi barhoxa kuqala kwezona mali-mboleko zincinci nezikude, kuba zizo eziyeka ukugubungela iindleko zazo.

Amanani umbolekisi awajongayo

Iiphothifoliyo zezimali ezincinci zihamba ngokukhawuleza kunezo ziqhelekileyo — amaxesha amafutshane, iintlawulo eziqhelekileyo, inani elikhulu leemali-mboleko — ngoko ke ukunika iingxelo kufuneka kuhambe ngesantya esifanayo.

Iphothifoliyo esemngciphekweni (PAR). Inxalenye yephothifoliyo esasele eneentlawulo ubuncinci enye esele ngasemva ngaphezu komda othile, ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-30. I-PAR 30 lelona linganiso liqhelekileyo lempilo kweli shishini. Okubalulekileyo: ibala yonke ibhalansi esaseleyo yemali-mboleko echaphazelekileyo, kungekhona intlawulo engahlawulwanga kuphela — kwaye kuko oko okwenza inyaniseke.

Iingqokelela zexesha lokusalela. Iimali ezisalele ngasemva zidityaniswa ngokwexesha ezisele ngalo, ngokuqhelekileyo iintsuku ezingama-30, ezingama-60 nezingama-90. Indlela ezisasazeke ngayo ikuxelela ukuba ingxaki intsha okanye isele inzulu.

Ukubekelwa kwelahleko yeemali-mboleko. Ukubekela bucala ilahleko elindelekileyo ngokuchasene nephothifoliyo, ngokuqhelekileyo ngamazinga anyukayo kwingqokelela nganye yexesha lokusalela. Kukubekela okuthintela iphothifoliyo ukuba ibonakale inempilo ephepheni ngaphezu kokwenyani.

Izinga lentlawulo nokugcinwa kwabathengi. Ukugcinwa kwabathengi kokona kungajongwayo ngokwaneleyo. Ubolekiso olukhulayo lusebenza kuphela ukuba ababoleki abalungileyo bayahlala; umbolekisi oneentlawulo ezintle kodwa engabagcini abathengi ulahlekelwa kanye ngabo abathengi inkqubo yakhe exhomekeke kubo.

Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bemali-mboleko nengeniso yephothifoliyo. Xa kufundwa kunye, ezi zibonisa ukuba iziko litshintshela phezulu na — libolekisa ngeemali ezinkulu kubaboleki abakhuselekileyo ngakumbi — into eyisicwangciso esisemthethweni, kodwa esahluke kwinjongo uninzi lwee-MFI oluyibhengezayo.

Apho ababolekisi babhajwa khona

Indawo yokusilela ekusebenzeni ihlala ifana phantse ngamaxesha onke, kwaye ingumphumela wenkqubo ngokwayo kunolawulo olubi.

Ezezimali ezincinci lubolekiso lwenani elikhulu lwexabiso elincinci. Igosa elinye linokuphatha amakhulu eemali-mboleko ezisebenzayo kumaqela angamashumi amaninzi, nganye ineentlawulo zeveki okanye zeeveki ezimbini. Ezo zizigidi ezimbalwa zeentengiselwano ngenyanga kwiziko elincinci. Nganye kufuneka ibhalwe kwimali-mboleko echanekileyo, isetyenziswe ngokulandelelana okuchanekileyo, kwaye ibonakale kwiincwadi zesebe elichanekileyo.

Xa kwenziwa ngeespredishithi neencwadi zeerisithi, oku kumelana nemeko kude kufike indawo ethile lize liyeke. Iibhalansi ziyatyibilika. Amagosa amabini abhala intlawulo enye ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ityala leqela lihlala lingabonwa kuba akukho mntu uwabalileyo amanani kule veki. Imeko yephothifoliyo — elona nani elimisela ukuba iziko liyakwazi na ukuhlawula amatyala alo — yaziwa kuphela emva kokuba umntu echithe iintsuku ezintathu edibanisa iincwadi. Ngexesha i-PAR ibaliweyo, ichaza inyanga ephelileyo.

Le nkqubo ifanelwe kukuchazwa ngokucacileyo: kwezezimali ezincinci, into ethintela ukukhula ayifane ibe yimfuno yeemali-mboleko okanye nkqu nemali esisiseko. Ngamandla olawulo okulandelela oko sele kubolekisiwe. Amaziko ayema kungenxa yokuba aphelelwa ngababoleki, kodwa kungenxa yokuba aphelelwa ngamandla okugcina iincwadi zichanekile.